Essential oils may be defined as volatile, odoriferous oils of vegetable origin. A distinction should be made however, between natural flower oils obtained by solvent extraction and distillation.Essential Oils are, in the main, insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents, although enough of the oil may dissolve in water to give an intense odor to the solution. These oils are volatile enough to distill unchanged in most instances and are also volatile with steam. They vary from colorless to yellow or brown in color. An essential oil is usually a mixture of compounds, although of wintergreen is almost pure methyl salicylate.
Volatile oils may be recovered from plants by a variety of methods (1) expression, (2) distillation, (3) extraction with volatile solvents, (4) enfleurage and (5) maceration. The refractive indexes of the oils are high, averaging about 1.5. The oils show a wide range of optical activity, rotating in both directions.
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